Oxide isolated metal silicon-gate JFET

ABSTRACT

A JFET structure with self-aligned metal source, drain and gate contacts with very low resistivity and very small feature sizes. Small source, drain and gate openings are etched in a thin dielectric layer which has a thickness set according to the desired source, gate and drain opening sizes, said dielectric layer having a nitride top layer. Metal is deposited on top of said dielectric layer to fill said openings and the metal is polished back to the top of the dielectric layer to achieve thin source, drain and gate contacts. Some embodiments include an anti-leakage poly-silicon layer lining the contact holes and all embodiments where spiking may occur include a barrier metal layer.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention pertains to a device structure and method for making JFET transistors at very small line widths. The invention can overcome certain process problems caused by small line widths and related difficulties in making very thin polycrystalline-silicon (hereafer referred to as poly-silicon) layers for device contacts.

As line widths have shrunk steadily down into the submicron range (today's line widths are 45 nanometers (NM) or 0.045 microns (where a micron is 10⁻⁶ meters and one nanometer equals 10 angstroms), all structures on CMOS, NMOS and PMOS circuits have shrunk including the thickness of the gate oxide. As line widths shrink, the voltages must be dropped to avoid punch through. This shrinking line width means the thickness of gate oxide must also be reduced so that sufficient electric field concentration to cause channel inversions in MOS devices can be achieved at the lower voltages. Shrinking gate oxide thickness causes leakage which increases power consumption in CMOS circuits and all other MOS circuits. The limit of gate oxide thickness that will not cause leakage is about 50 nanometers, which has already been reached since 45 nanometer line widths (0.045 microns) are the state of the art now.

At one micron line widths, power consumption for a one square centimeter integrated circuit was 5 wafts. As line widths shrink to 45 nanometers, power consumption for the same size chip can rise to 1000 watts. This can destroy an integrated circuit which is not cooled properly, and is unacceptable for portable devices such as laptops, cell phones etc. This power consumption complicates the design process immensely because it requires circuitry to put transistors that are not working to sleep so they do not leak. Power consumption is only one of the problems caused by shrinking line widths.

Prior art junction field-effect transistors date back to the 1950's when they were first reported. Since then, they have been covered in numerous texts such as “Physics of Semiconductor Devices” by Simon Sze and “Physics and Technology of Semiconductor Devices” by Andy Grove. Junction field-effect devices were reported in both elemental and compound semiconductors. Numerous circuits with junction field-effect transistors have been reported, as follows:

1) Nanver and Goudena, “Design Considerations for Integrated High-Frequency P-Channel JFET's”, IEEE Transactions Electron Devices, Vol; 35, No. 11, 1988, pp. 1924-1933.

2) Ozawa, “electrical Properties of a Triode Like Silicon Vertical Channel JFET”, IEEE Transactions Electron Devices Vol. ED-27, No. 11, 1980, pp. 2115-2123.

3) H. Takanagi and G. Kano, “Complementary JFET Negative-Resistance Devices”, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. SC-10, No. 6, December 1975, pp. 509-515.

4) A. Hamade and J. Albarran, “A JFET/Bipolar Eight-Channel Analog Multiplexer”, IEEE Journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. SC-16, No. 6, December 1978.

5) K. Lehovec and R. Zuleeg, “Analysis of GaAs FET's for Integrated Logic”, IEE Transaction on Electron Devices, Vol. ED-27, No. 6, June 1980.

In addition, a report published by R. Zuleeg titled “Complimentary GaAs Logic” dated 4 Aug. 1985 is cited herein as prior art.

To solve this power consumption problem of MOS devices at very small line widths, the normally-off JFET has been pressed into service. A normally-off JFET is one which has been designed to be in a pinched off state when there is zero gate bias. Pinch off at zero gate bias means that with zero bias on the gate, the depletion region around the gate-channel junction extends to meet the depletion region around the channel-well or channel-substrate junction. An exemplary normally-off JFET was invented by Ashok Kapoor and described in a patent application entitled Complementary Junction Field-Effect Transistor Circuit in Silicon and Silicon Alloys, filed Oct. 28, 2005, Ser. No. 11/261,873, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

To make such devices as small as possible, it is necessary to make the active area small, and the contact holes for the source, drain and gate as narrow as the minimum line air) width. Small holes require thin layers of material to fill them. Poly-silicon is difficult to deposit reliably because a thin layer is needed at the small geometries which are now prevalent. In addition, a thin conductive layer is needed to form the source, drain and gate contacts, so there is a need for a device structure and methodology which can be used to make the small, thin contacts for JFETs at state of the art geometries.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The teachings of this invention contemplate use of a metal layer which has been deposited in openings in a thin dielectric layer formed over the active area and chemically-mechanically polished back to be flush with the top of said dielectric layer for formation of source and drain contacts. An opening in the thin dielectric layer over the active area and between the source and drain contact openings is also filled with metal after a gate region implant is performed into the active area to form the gate region. After polishing the metal layer back to the top of the dielectric layer, a self-aligned gate contact is formed by this process.

The advantage of the metal contact JFET structure taught herein is the lower resistivity of the source, drain and gate contacts; this lower resistivity enables greater switching speed and higher frequency response. In other JFET structures where doped poly-silicon is used for the source, drain and gate contacts, the resistivity of these contacts can be several hundred ohms per square centimeter. Metal contacts have resistivity of 0.1 ohms per square centimeter, which makes a huge difference in the top switching speed of the device.

Another significant advantage of the metal-contact JFET structure taught herein is scaling in that the source, drain and gate contacts can be made at very small, state of the art dimensions, such as 40 nanometers or less. A contact opening that small is usually also about that same thickness, i.e., about 40 nanometers. Metal can be polished down to a 40 nanometer thickness or less without problems, but poly-silicon cannot. Below about 500 angstroms, polished poly-silicon starts to get rough because of the minimum grain size of the poly. Thus, if one tries to polish poly-silicon down to a thickness of 40 nanometers, control of the final layer thickness and quality is very poor.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of the device at an early stage of construction after definition of the active area by formation of shallow trench isolation with the cross-section taken along section line A-A′ in FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the surface of the substrate after the field oxide STI has been formed to define active area 10.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view through an exemplary substrate of complementary poly-silicon contact JFETs showing how individual wells for each device with surface contacts can be formed so as to enable biasing of the back gate junctions between the well and the substrate.

FIG. 4 is a cross-section along section line A-A′ in FIG. 5 of the device after an implant is made to implant an N-channel area.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of the substrate showing active area 10 after the implant of the channel area.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the structure at a stage after the formation of a layer of dielectric on the top surface of the substrate.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view through the structure at a stage after holes for the source, drain and gate contacts have been formed and photo resist masking has been developed to allow a gate implant to be performed.

FIG. 8A shows a cross-sectional view of the structure after another masking step is performed to allow formation of source and drain regions by implantation.

FIG. 8B shows a cross-sectional view of the structure after forming silicide ohmic contacts in each contact hole and the addition of titanium and tungsten barrier layer metal to prevent spiking.

FIG. 8C is a cross-sectional view of the structure after deposition of a metal layer from which the source, drain and gate contacts will be formed and polishing back to the top of the nitride layer so as to form metal source, drain, gate and back gate contacts with silicide ohmic contacts and titanium/tungsten barrier layers. FIG. 8C is the final structure for an embodiment without a poly-silicon anti-leakage layer, as viewed along section line A-A′ in FIG. 9.

FIG. 8D is a cross-sectional view of the structure in an embodiment where a poly-silicon anti-leakage barrier lines the contact holes taken at a stage after the poly anti-leakage barrier and TiW barrier metal layer has been formed.

FIG. 8E is a cross-sectional view of the final structure in the embodiment where a poly-silicon anti-leakage barrier lines the contact holes. This view is taken at a stage after the poly anti-leakage barrier and TiW barrier metal layer has been formed.

FIG. 9 is a plan view of the finished device.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are diagrams which illustrate the leakage problem in thin junctions caused by minority carrier recombination and the solution thereto adopted in this invention.

FIG. 11 represents the finished cross-sectional view of a JFET with titanium or tungsten or other non-spiking metal source, drain and gate contacts and no barrier layer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED AND ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional diagram of the device at an early stage of construction after definition of an active area 10 by formation of field oxide areas 12 which are preferably Shallow Trench Isolation, or STI. An N-channel device will be assumed so the active area or well region 10 is doped P-type. However, a P-channel device can be built using the same process described herein by reversing the doping. This stage is reached by starting with a <100> P-type substrate, typically having a resistivity of 10 ohm-cm. In other embodiments, the semiconductor substrate is selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, silicon carbide, and silicon-germanium-carbon alloy. Silicon on Insulator substrates can also be used. Conventional shallow trench isolation is then performed to isolate each active area 10 where a JFET device is to be formed. No extension of the active area to a well contact is shown in the figures illustrating the process steps, but if a surface contact to a well is desired, then the active area can be formed to have two areas at the surface, one where the device is to be formed and the other where the surface contact to the well is to be formed.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of the surface of the substrate after the field oxide or STI has been formed to define active area 10. Further, all the process step figures show a semiconductor substrate, but those skilled in the art will understand that the substrate could also be a dielectric material having a layer of single crystal semiconductor such as silicon or silicon-germanium which has been epitaxially grown on the dielectric. The active area 10 shown in the drawings is then formed in this layer of semiconductor. The term “substrate” in the claims should be interpreted to include all these possibilities for a pure single crystal semiconductor substrate or a dielectric with a single crystal semiconductor layer formed thereon.

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional diagram showing how complementary JFET devices are formed using individual N-wells and P-wells and using a triple well process, each device having a surface contact. FIG. 3 shows two different well structures to isolate complementary self-aligned, normally-off, poly-silicon surface contact JFETs and is used for illustration purposes only to show the well structures and surface contacts for each JFET since the invention described herein does not use poly-silicon contacts. If metal is substituted for the poly-silicon source, drain and gate contacts, and anti-spiking barrier metal layers are added between each metal contact and the surface of the active area in FIG. 3, FIG. 3 would illustrate two different ways metal contact JFETs could be formed in the same semiconductor substrate to fabricate circuits with both P-channel and N-channel JFETs such as inverters, etc.

The first way complementary JFETs can be built in the same substrate is to put each JFET in its own well. On the right side of FIG. 3, the N-channel JFET 14 is built in P-well 16, which has surface contact 18. Field oxide 12 surrounds a first active area in which N-channel 20 is formed, and surrounds a second active area 22 to which well contact 18 makes an ohmic contact. P-channel JFET 24 is built in an N-well 26 having a surface contact 28. Surface contacts 18 and 28 can be used to reverse bias the back gates 30 and 32, respectively, to isolate the two devices.

The second way to put complementary JFET devices on the same substrate is using a triple-well process. A triple-well structure is shown generally at 34. In this structure, a self-aligned gate, normally-off N-channel JFET 36 is built in a first active area (defined by STI areas 38 and 40) in P-well 42, which is enclosed in N-well 44 formed in P-substrate 46. The P-well has a surface contact 48. A self-aligned gate, normally-off P-channel JFET 50 is built in N-well 52 which is also enclosed in N-well 44. The figures illustrating the process of construction of the device structure at issue here (specifically, FIGS. 1-2, and 4-10), do not show the surface contact to the well, but those skilled in the art understand that such a surface contact is present in most embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a cross-section along section line A-A′ in FIG. 5 of the device after an implant is made to implant an N-channel area 54. After masking to expose active area 10 (FIG. 5), an implant of N-type impurities such as phosphorous or arsenic is performed to form channel area 54. This implant can also be performed after the layer of insulating material to be described below is formed. The implant is typically done at a dosage of 1E13 at 15 KEV energy followed by a second implant at 4E11 dosage and 37 KEV energy. This gives two peaks at different depths. Low-temperature annealing to distribute the impurities more evenly can be performed immediately after the implant or later.

FIG. 5 is a plan view of the substrate showing active area 10 after the implant of the channel area.

FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the structure at a stage after the formation of a layer of dielectric on the top surface of the substrate. In the preferred embodiment, a thin layer of thermal oxide 56 is grown over the exposed silicon area of the substrate. On top of this thermal oxide layer a layer of silicon nitride 58 is formed. This nitride layer 58 serves to protect the STI or field oxide outside the active area 10 from later etching when subsequent etching steps are performed to form other structures of the device. If the field oxide or STI is not protected and is accidentally etched, this etching can lead to exposure of the sidewalls of the active area and exposure of the channel-well or channel-substrate junction 60 in FIG. 6. If this junction 60 is exposed and conductive material for the gate dips down below the surface of the active area and makes electrical contact with the sidewalls of the active area, this junction 60 can be shorted, leading to undesired results and/or an inoperative device. The nitride layer 58 prevents such etching of the STI or field oxide from happening. Typically, the nitride layer is 50 angstroms thick but other thicknesses can be used.

A layer of CVD oxide 62 is formed on top of nitride layer 58. Typically, this oxide 62 is approximately 1000 angstroms thick. Finally, another layer of silicon nitride 64 is formed on top of the CVD oxide layer. The purpose of this layer is to act as a polish stop to protect the tops of source and drain contacts when excess material of a gate contact layer is removed by the chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) step described below.

FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view through the structure at the stage after openings for the source, drain and gate contacts have been formed and photo resist masking has been developed to allow a gate implant to be performed. The openings for the source and drain contacts at least partially overlap the active area. The opening for the gate contact lies over the active area and lies between the openings for the source and drain contacts.

In one class of embodiments, the structure is now ready for formation of the source, drain and gate regions and the source, drain and gate contacts. In another class of embodiments, the source, drain and gate openings are first lined with sputtered silicon prior to P+ and N+ implants in source , drain and gate contacts. This optional layer of sputtered silicon is represented by dashed lines 73, 75 and 77 in FIG. 7. This lining is achieved by sputtering a thin layer of poly-silicon over the entire surface of the structure after forming the source, drain and gate openings. This sputtered silicon layer is only about 50 angstroms thick. This sputtered silicon is amorphous in structure (it's poly-silicon) and will ultimately be doped with the type of impurities that are ion implanted or diffused through the opening into the underlying active area to form the source, drain and gate regions. This amorphous, doped silicon will act as a barrier layer between the metal contact and the underlying active area and will reduce leakage for the reasons explained below in connection with the discussion of FIGS. 12A and 12B. The thin sputtered silicon barrier layer does not affect the resistivity of the metal lines that run from the source, drain and gate contacts of each device to other parts of the integrated circuit. However, the thin sputtered silicon barrier layer does act as a resistance in series with the source, drain and gate contacts to the underlying source, drain and gate areas. But because the barrier layer is very thin, it is a small resistance.

What the thin sputtered silicon barrier layer is used for is to reduce the leakage current that is present because of the shallow gate, source and drain junctions. To understand this, the reader is referred to FIGS. 10A and 10B. Because the gate, source and drain junctions are shallow, a leakage current related to minority carrier injection and recombination occurs. This leakage current I is given by the equation: I=C dN/dY. This is a differential equation indicating the leakage current in a shallow junction situation is equal to the change in minority carrier density over distance, i.e., the slope of the minority carrier distribution curve at the interface where the leakage current is to be measured. FIG. 10A is a diagram of the physical situation of the metal gate contact 92 overlying the P-type gate region 74 overlying the N-type channel region 54. When the gate contact is biased positively relative to the channel region 54, minority carrier electrons are injected into the gate region 74. FIG. 10B is a graph of the density of these minority carriers throughout the thickness of the gate region 74 as a function of distance from the silicide ohmic gate contact 86 (the situation illustrated is without the use of the thin sputtered silicon barrier layer). The minority carrier density as a function of distance for the embodiments without the thin sputtered poly-silicon layer is the curve 100 in FIG. 10B. At the interface 75 in FIG. 10A, the minority carrier density remains high almost near the silicide contact since not much carrier recombination is taking place. As the minority electrons approach the metal gate contact 92, much more recombination occurs because metal is an infinite sink of electrons so the density starts to fall off fast. This leads to a very steep slope dN/dY in the region 101 of the gate region which leads to the existence of non trivial leakage current across interface 86.

In contrast, dashed density versus distance curve 102 in FIG. 10B represents the minority carrier density distribution versus distance for the class of embodiments wherein thin sputtered silicon barrier layer lines the source, drain and gate openings before the metal layer 80 is deposited. This amorphous silicon becomes fine grain poly silicon when wafer is annealed at high temperature to activate the implanted impurities. Since the lifetime of the minority carriers is significantly lower in poly-silicon than in single crystal silicon, the rate of recombination for minority carriers is higher in poly-silicon than in single crystal silicon. This results in a less steep slope of the dN/dY curve near the contact silicide, and hence less leakage current.

After formation of the openings for the source, gate and drain contacts (and well contacts in most embodiments), it is necessary to form gate, source and drain regions. This can be done by diffusion of impurities into the active area through the openings, but is preferably done using ion implantation. Since different impurities are used for the source and drain regions than are used for the gate region, masking must be employed. As shown in FIG. 7, a layer of photo resist 66 is deposited and developed so as to cover the source opening 68 and the drain opening 70 and everything outside the gate opening 72. A P-impurity implant, typically BF2, is then performed to form gate region 74. Typically, this implant is done using two different implants, beginning with a BF2 implant at 1E15 dosage at 10-15 KEV. In some embodiments, a second implant is used, the second implant being a BF2 implant done at 2E15 dosage at approximately 36 KEV. Typical gate-channel junction depths are 5-10 nanometers in depth. The gate region could also be formed in alternative embodiments by diffusion of P-type impurities through said gate opening into the channel region.

Typically, the gate, source and drain and well contact openings are 45 NM wide but they can be as small as 20 NM wide with today's technology.

If a normally-off (enhancement mode) device is to be constructed, the doping concentration of the gate region 74 and channel region 54 and well region under the active area 10 (FIG. 5) and the junction depths of the gate-channel junction 76 and the channel-well or channel-substrate junction 60 are controlled such that pinch-off occurs at less than one volt gate bias.

In some enhancement mode device embodiments, an implant is performed to form a P+ area just below the channel 54 so as to set the concentration of impurities just below the channel to a higher level than is prevalent in the rest of the substrate. This is done in part to force the depletion layer surrounding channel-substrate junction 60 upward so that most of the depletion region is in the channel region 54 and less is in the substrate below the channel region 54. This helps insure that the depletion region around the channel-substrate junction 60 meets the depletion region around the gate-channel junction 76 so as to achieve pinch off at less than one volt gate bias for enhancement mode devices. This implant is done either before or after formation of the channel area and, preferably, before formation of the composite insulating layer on the surface of the substrate.

If a normally-on, depletion mode device is to be made, the doping concentration of the gate region 74 and channel region 54 and well region under the active area 10 and the junction depths of the gate-channel junction 76 and the channel-well or channel-substrate junction 60 are controlled such that pinch-off occurs at some desired level of gate bias higher than one volt so that the device is conducting current from source to drain at zero gate bias and some affirmative gate bias must be applied to turn it off. In the claims, the phrase “predetermined doping concentrations and junction depths” means the doping of the gate, channel and well regions and the junction depths of the gate-channel junction and the channel-well junction to achieve pinch-off at the desired gate bias. These factors will be controlled to meet whatever condition follows the phrase such as to achieve an enhancement mode device or to achieve a depletion mode device.

FIG. 8A shows a cross-sectional view of the structure after another masking step is performed to allow formation of source and drain regions. Typically, formation of source and drain regions is done by multiple ion implantations because better control of junction depths and the shape of junctions can be achieved by ion implantation as compared to diffusion of impurities into the substrate from overlying structures. The source and drain regions could also be formed by diffusion of impurities through the source and drain holes, but this is not preferred. To reach this state of FIG. 8A, the photo resist layer 66 in FIG. 7 is removed and a new layer of photo resist 78 in Figure is deposited and developed using a mask which causes the developed photo resist to cover the gate opening and leave the source opening 68 and drain opening 70 exposed so as to expose the portion of the active area 10 beneath the source and drain openings to ion implantation. An N-type impurity implant is then performed to form source region 78 and drain region 80. Typically, these implants are performed using N-type impurities (typically arsenic or phosphorous) at 1E15 dosage at 10-15 KEV energy level. In some embodiments, a second implant is used, the second implant being an N-type impurity implant done at 2E15 dosage at approximately 36 KEV. Typical source-channel junction and drain-channel junction depths are approximately 20-40 nanometers.

Silicide ohmic contacts and barrier layer metal is formed next in the contact holes. There are two embodiments for this process: one without a poly-silicon anti-leakage lining of each contact hole; and one with a poly-silicon anti-leakage lining of each contact hole. FIG. 8B shows a cross-sectional view of the structure after formation of silicide ohmic contacts in each contact hole (including the back gate contact hole which is not shown) in an embodiment without the poly-silicon anti-leakage layer. To form the silicide ohmic contacts 81, 83 and 85 in FIG. 8B, all photo resist is FIG. 8A is removed and then a layer of titanium is deposited on the wafers so as to be in contact with the silicon of the active area. This layer of metal is typically 200 angstroms thick, but it can be other thicknesses. The titanium layer (not separately shown) is baked at about 600 degrees centigrade for a time sufficient to form a silicide ohmic contact of about 200 angstroms thickness at 81, 83 and 85. The titanium not converted to silicide is then dipped off in a known process.

Next, the barrier layer metal must be formed to prevent spiking of aluminum into the substrate and shorting of the shallow junctions. To do this, a layer of about 200 angstroms of titanium 87 is deposited on top of the silicide and covering the rest of the chip. This layer of titanium makes a good electrical contact to the titanium silicide ohmic contacts. There is nothing critical about the 200 angstroms thickness and other thicknesses can be used. The titanium layer only needs to be thick enough to make a good contact with the silicide. Finally, a barrier layer 89 of tungsten is deposited over the entire wafer. This tungsten layer lines the contact holes and covers the previous layer of titanium. This leaves the structure as shown in FIG. 8B.

FIG. 8C is a cross-sectional view of the structure after deposition of a metal layer from which the source, drain and gate contacts will be formed and polishing back to the top of the nitride layer so as to form metal source, drain, gate and back gate contacts with silicide ohmic contacts and titanium/tungsten barrier layers. FIG. 8C is the final structure for an embodiment without a poly-silicon anti-leakage layer, as viewed along section line A-A′ in FIG. 9. To finish this particular embodiment, an aluminum or copper metal layer 91 is deposited at a thickness usually between 1000 to 10,000 angstroms and typically from 2000 to 3000 angstroms thick. The entire layer 91 is not shown—only what remains of it as the source, drain and gate contacts after the polishing process is shown. The aluminum or copper layer 80 must be at least thick enough to at least fill the source, drain and gate openings. The aluminum or copper layer 91 covers the TiW barrier layer 87/89 and functions to prevent the aluminum or copper from spiking down into the substrate in the active area and shorting out the shallow source, drain and gate junctions to the channel region. The entire multiple layer metal coating is then polished back to the top of the nitride polish stop layer 64 which is on top of the CVD oxide dielectric layer 62 in which the source, drain and gate holes were formed. This leaves separate source, drain and gate metal contacts flush with the top of the nitride 64. These metal contacts are: source contact 87A; gate contact 87B; and drain contact 87C. FIG. 8D is a cross-sectional view of the structure in an embodiment where a poly-silicon anti-leakage barrier lines the contact holes taken at a stage after the poly anti-leakage barrier and TiW barrier metal layer has been formed. In this embodiment, the steps up to and through forming the contact holes are the same. To form the anti-leakage barrier, silicon is sputtered over the whole structure to form a layer of poly-silicon 93 of less than about 100 angstroms thickness. The poly-silicon layer 93 is thin. It only needs to be thick enough to reduce the leakage by the phenomenon explained in connection with the discussion of FIGS. 10A and 10B. Next masking and implanting is performed to implant the source and drain and gate impurities through the poly-silicon layer 93 into the substrate active area beneath the source, drain and gate holes. The details of these implants (diffusion could also be used) are given in the process recipe table given below. The implants dope the poly-silicon layer 93 also (or impurities diffuse up into the poly-silicon layer 93 from the underlying source, drain and gate regions 78, 80 and 74, respectively). If implants are used to form the source, drain and gate regions, these regions will be generally self-aligned with the perimeter of the overlying contact holes through which the implants were performed.

After forming the anti-leakage poly-silicon layer and forming the source, drain and gate regions, the remaining photo resist is removed and the ohmic contacts, barrier layer and metal contacts are formed. To form the ohmic contacts a thin layer of titanium, typically about 200 angstroms thick, is deposited over the structure and the resulting structure is baked at about 600 degrees C. for a time sufficient for the titanium to react with the poly-silicon at the bottom of each contact hole to form titanium silicide. The silicide contacts are 11) shown at 81, 83 and 85 in FIG. 8D. The remaining titanium is dipped off where it has not formed silicide. Next, another thin layer of titanium is deposited over the wafer to cover the silicide and make a good electrical contact therewith. This forms the first layer of the barrier metal layer. (The barrier metal layer is comprised of approximately 200 angstroms of titanium and approximately 500 angstroms of tungsten although other thicknesses can be used.) After depositing the titanium layer, a layer of tungsten is deposited over the titanium and it is this tungsten layer which prevents spiking of overlying aluminum or copper into the underlying active area. The tungsten layer only needs to be thick enough to prevent spiking.

FIG. 8E is a cross-sectional view of the final structure in the embodiment where a poly-silicon anti-leakage barrier lines the contact holes. To reach the stage shown in FIG. 8E, aluminum or copper (or some other metal) is deposited to fill the contact holes. about 1000 to 10000 angstroms of aluminum or copper is deposited. A chemical-mechanical polishing process is then performed to polish off the metal layers of aluminum, or copper, tungsten and titanium down to the top of the nitride layer 64 on top of the dielectric layer. This polishing step forms separate metal contacts at 91A for the source, 91B for the gate and 91C for the drain. The polishing step also forms a separate metal contact for the back gate but this is not shown in the drawings. This completes the structure.

Other metals could also be used for the metal contacts such as gold, silver, nickel, titanium or tungsten, but some of these metals have higher receptivity than copper or aluminum and would slow the switching speed of the device. If titanium or tungsten or some other metal that does not diffuse into the underlying semiconductor is used for the metal contacts. the barrier layer metal 87/89 can be omitted. FIG. 11 represents the finished cross-sectional view of a JFET with titanium or tungsten or other non spiking metal source, drain and gate contacts and interconnects and no barrier layer. In the embodiment of FIG. 11, the source and drain contacts and the self aligned gate contact and the back gate contact (not shown) are made from any non spiking metal, i.e., any metal which does not diffuse into the underlying substrate and short the underlying junctions absent the barrier layer metal. This allows elimination of the barrier metal layer 87/89 in FIGS. 8B through 8E. To improve the receptivity of the contact, if titanium is used for contacts 90, 92 and 94, a titanium silicide layer 84, 86 and 82 is formed at the bottom of each contact. This can be done by depositing a thin layer of poly-silicon in each contact hole with a thin layer of titanium on top and baking the structure at 600 degrees long enough to form silicide in the poly. Likewise, it can be done by depositing titanium over the whole structure after the contact holes are formed, baking long enough to form silicide in the substrate of the active area at the bottom of each contact hole and then polishing back the titanium to the top of the nitride. If tungsten is used for the contacts and interconnects, dashed lines 84, 86 and 82 represent a layer of titanium silicide with a layer of titanium on top of the silicide for better electrical contact. The tungsten is then deposited on top of the titanium to fill up the contact hole and form the interconnect.

The advantage of the metal contact structure taught herein is the lower resistivity of the source, drain and gate contacts; this results in the greater switching speed and higher frequency response. In other JFET structures where doped poly-silicon is used for the source, drain and gate contacts, the resistivity of these contacts can be several hundred ohms per square centimeter. Metal contacts have resistivity of 0.1 ohms per square centimeter, which makes a huge difference in the top switching speed of the device.

Another significant advantage of the metal contact JFET structure taught herein is scaling in that the source, drain and gate contacts can be made at very small, state of the art dimensions such as 40 nanometers or less. A contact opening that small is usually also about that same thickness, i.e., about 40 nanometers. Metal can be polished down to a 40 nanometer thickness or less without problems, but poly-silicon cannot. Below about 500 angstroms, polished poly-silicon starts to get rough because of the minimum grain size of the poly. If one tries to polish poly-silicon down to a thickness of 40 nanometers, control of the final layer thickness and quality is very poor.

Although the invention has been disclosed in terms of the preferred and alternative embodiments disclosed herein, those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications and improvements may be made without departing from the scope of the invention. All such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the claims appended hereto.

TABLE 1 The Process Recipe STEP NUMBER STEP PARAMETERS 1 Start with a <100> pure Dope semiconductor to silicon substrate or approximately 10 ohm- germanium or silicon centimeters resistivity carbide or silicon- germanium-carbon alloy or silicon epitaxially grown on an insulating substrate 2 Option #1: form N-well and Conventional masking and P-well if complementary N- diffusion or ion implantation channel and P-channel JFETs are to be formed and connected together by surface conductive paths. Option #2: form N-well and P-well each encapsulated in a third N-well if complementary N-channel and P-channel JFETs are to be formed and connected together by surface conductive paths. 3 Form active area in each Conventional thermal oxide well using Shallow Trench in STI preferred. Thickness Isolation or any other approximately 2000 process to electrically isolate angstroms (A, i.e., 200 NM) an active area in the semiconductor, preferably with a surface contact to allow bias to be applied to the well. If complementary JFETS are to be formed, wells are not optional and must have surface contacts 4 Mask and perform a channel Preferably use multiple implant using ion implants at different implantation of conductivity energies and dosages to enhancing impurities of the achieve greater uniformity in proper type for the type of dopant distribution, e.g., device being constructed - 1E13 at 15 KEV followed by N-type for N-channel device. 4E11 at 37 KEV Anneal now or later. 5 Form a dielectric layer over Preferably approximately 50 the entire surface angstroms (A) of thermal oxide covered by approximately100 A silicon nitride. Cover the nitride with approximately 1000 A of CVD oxide and cover the CVD oxide with another approx 100 A nitride 6 Mask and etch to open Conventional mask and source, drain and self- etch. Openings should be aligned gate openings as small as line width and design rules permit but may be larger - typically 45 NM but process can be scaled to smaller such as 20 NM because of use of metal contacts 7 Optional but preferred to Conventional sputtering lower contact leakage process. Less than 100 current: sputter silicon over angstroms thickness whole structure to line needed. openings with amorphous poly-silicon to form a leakage barrier 8 Mask and implant or diffuse Preferably multiple ion to form gate region. Anneal implantations are used at if use ion implantation different energies to increase uniformity of distribution of impurities, e.g., 1E14 at 10–15 KEV followed by 2E15 at 36 KEV to form gate-channel junction at 5–10 NM depth. P-type impurity such as BF2 if N-channel device to be formed. If enhancement- mode device desired, control junction depths and doping concentrations to achieve pinch off at gate bias less than one volt. If depletion mode device desired, control junction depths and doping concentrations to achieve pinch off at some gate voltage above 1 volt as desired. If implants are used, gate region is generally self-aligned with perimeter of gate contact opening. 9 Mask and implant or diffuse Preferably multiple ion to form source and drain implantations are used at regions. Anneal if used ion different energies to implantation increase uniformity of distribution of impurities. Source and drain junction depths 5–10 NM. N-type impurity if N-channel device desired, e.g., phosphorous or arsenic 1E15 at 10–15 KEV followed by 2E15 at 36 KEV. If implants are used, source and drain regions are generally self-aligned with source and drain contact opening perimeters. 10 Optional P+ implant below Preferably multiple ion channel area done either implantations with dosage before or after channel set to help achieve desired implant pinch off voltage and desired control of drain current 11 Form silicide ohmic If aluminum or copper is contacts, and deposit metal used for metal source, drain layer over whole structure and gate contacts, deposit and polish back to nitride titanium over the poly-silicon level on top of dielectric lining each contact hole and layer surrounding each of bake at 600 degrees for a source, drain and gate holes time sufficient to form silicide ohmic contacts. Then deposit about 200 angstroms titanium over silicide to make good contact and then deposit about 500 A tungsten over the titanium to form spiking barrier, then deposit 1000 to 10000 A aluminum or copper to fill hole and make metal contact and polish all metal layers back to top of the nitride on top of the dielectric layer using CMP 

1. An integrated junction field-effect transistor (JFET) comprising: a substrate having at least a top layer of semiconductor and an active area in a well region doped with conduction enhancing impurities of a first conductivity type, said active area defined by insulating material formed in said substrate; a channel region of doped semiconductor within said active area; a dielectric layer formed on top of said substrate and having openings formed at least partially over said active area for source and drain contacts and an opening over said active area for a gate contact to be located between said source and drain contacts; a gate region formed in said active area within said channel region and under said gate contact opening so as to form a gate-channel junction; source and drain regions formed in said active area under said source and drain openings; and metal source, drain and gate contacts formed in said source, drain and gate openings, respectively, with the tops of said source, drain and gate contacts polished down to be approximately flush with the top of said dielectric layer.
 2. The JFET of claim 1 where the semiconductor substrate is <100> silicon, and a P+ implanted area of high concentration of impurities is formed in said substrate just below said channel region, and wherein said contact openings have an amorphous silicon anti-leakage barrier at least at the bottom of each opening and wherein said contact openings have metal silicide ohmic contacts formed in said amorphous silicon at the bottom of each contact opening.
 3. The JFET of claim 1 where the semiconductor substrate is selected from the group consisting of silicon, germanium, silicon carbide, or silicon-germanium-carbon alloy or single crystal silicon or silicon-germanium which has been epitaxially grown on insulating material.
 4. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said active area or well region is doped P-type and includes first and second regions, said first region having an N-channel JFET integrated therein and said second region have a surface contact to said well.
 5. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said channel area is formed by ion implantation of impurities of a second conductivity type and an anneal step.
 6. The JFET of claim 5 wherein said channel area is formed by multiple ion implantations of impurities of said second conductivity type, each implantation at a different energy and an anneal step so as to achieve better distribution of impurities throughout said channel region.
 7. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said dielectric layer is comprised of a layer of thermally grown silicon dioxide in contact with said substrate, a layer of silicon nitride on top of said thermally grown silicon dioxide, a layer of silicon dioxide (CVD oxide) deposited by chemical vapor deposition on top of said silicon nitride layer and a layer of silicon nitride formed on top of said CVD oxide.
 8. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said gate region is formed by ion implantation of conductivity enhancing impurities of said first conductivity type and an anneal step.
 9. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said gate region is formed by multiple ion implantations of conductivity enhancing impurities of said first conductivity type at different energy levels and an anneal step.
 10. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said source, drain and gate openings are less than 70 nanometers wide and have metal silicide ohmic contacts formed at the bottom thereof.
 11. The JFET of claim 1 wherein predetermined doping concentrations and junction depths are used for said gate region, said channel region and said well region and a gate-channel junction and a channel-well junction so as to achieve pinch off at less than one volt gate bias and enhancement mode operation.
 12. The JFET of claim 1 wherein predetermined doping concentrations and junction depths are used for said gate region, said channel region and said well region and a gate-channel junction and a channel-well junction so as to achieve pinch off at a desired gate bias above one volt and depletion mode operation.
 13. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said gate region is formed by ion implantation of conductivity enhancing impurities of said first conductivity type followed by an anneal step.
 14. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said gate region is formed by multiple ion implantations at different energy levels of conductivity enhancing impurities of said first conductivity type followed by an anneal step.
 15. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said source and drain regions are formed by diffusion of impurities of said second conductivity type into said active area through said source and drain openings, and wherein said gate region is formed by diffusion of impurities of said first conductivity type into said active area through said gate opening.
 16. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said source, drain and gate contacts are formed with a titanium silicide ohmic contact layer in contact with said active area, and a metal barrier layer comprised of titanium in contact with said silicide and tungsten in contact with said titanium and a layer of aluminum, copper or any other metal on top of said of metal barrier layer.
 17. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said source, drain and gate contacts are formed with a titanium silicide ohmic contact layer in contact with said active area, a layer of titanium or tungsten or both on top of said silicide, and, if both titanium and tungsten are used, said titanium is in contact with said silicide and said tungsten is in contact with said titanium.
 18. The JFET of claim 1 wherein said source, drain and gate openings are lined with a thin layer of sputtered amorphous silicon to act as a barrier layer between the metal of the source, drain and gate contacts and the underlying active area.
 19. An integrated junction field-effect transistor (JFET) comprising: a substrate having at least a top layer of semiconductor and an active area or well region defined by thermal oxide formed in Shallow Trench Isolation in said substrate, said well doped with impurities of a first conductivity type; a channel region within said active area and formed so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; a dielectric layer formed on top of said substrate and having openings formed at least partially over said active area for source and drain contacts and an opening over said active area for a gate contact, said dielectric layer comprising a layer of thermal silicon dioxide having a layer of silicon nitride on top thereof and a layer of chemical vapor deposition silicon dioxide (CVD oxide) on top of said silicon nitride layer and another layer of silicon nitride on top of said CVD oxide, said openings lined with sputtered amorphous silicon; a gate region formed in said active area within said channel region and under said gate contact opening so as to form a gate-channel junction, said gate region formed so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; source and drain regions formed in said active area under said source and drain openings; and metal source, drain and gate contacts formed in said source, drain and gate openings, respectively, with the tops of said source, drain and gate contacts polished down to be approximately flush with the top of said dielectric layer, each said contact formed having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said active area, a layer of titanium on top of said silicide contact and a layer of tungsten on top of said titanium and a layer of aluminum or copper or any other metal on top of said tungsten.
 20. A process comprising: in a semiconductor substrate, forming an active area in a semiconductor portion of a well doped with a predetermined type of conductivity enhancing impurities, said active area defined by insulating material formed in said semiconductor portion, said active area having a first region where a junction field-effect transistor is to be formed and a second region in electrical contact with said first region where a surface contact is to be formed to said well; masking and doing a channel ion implantation to form a channel region in said first region of said active area; forming a dielectric layer on top of said substrate; masking and etching to open source, drain and gate and back gate openings; forming metal silicide ohmic contacts in said source, drain, gate and back gate openings; masking and forming a gate region through said gate opening; masking and forming source and drain regions through said source and drain openings; and depositing a metal layer to fill said source, drain and gate openings and polishing said metal layer back to be approximately flush with a top of said dielectric layer.
 21. The process of claim 20 where said semiconductor substrate is chosen from the group comprising pure <100> silicon or germanium or silicon carbide or silicon-germanium-carbon alloy or silicon-on-insulator.
 22. The process of claim 20 further comprising the step of forming an N-well wherever an N-channel JFET device active area is to be formed and forming a P-well wherever a P-channel JFET device active area is to be formed.
 23. The process of claim 20 further comprising the step of forming a first N-well which is large enough to encompass the N-well and P-well of complementary N-channel and P-channel JFET devices formed adjacent each other, and forming a second N-well wherever an N-channel JFET device active area is to be formed, said second N-well being formed inside said first N-well, and forming a P-well wherever a P-channel JFET device active area is to be formed, said P-well formed inside said first N-well.
 24. The process of claim 20 wherein said channel ion implantation is done in such a way as to achieve a doping concentration and junction depth depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off.
 25. The process of claim 20 wherein said dielectric layer is formed by forming a first layer of thermally grown silicon dioxide on the surface of said substrate and forming a layer of silicon nitride (nitride) on top of said thermal oxide layer and forming a layer of chemical vapor deposition silicon dioxide (CVD oxide) on top of said nitride layer and forming another nitride layer on top of said CVD oxide layer.
 26. The process of claim 20 further comprising the step of sputtering on a layer of amorphous silicon to cover the structure after the step of masking and etching to open source, drain and gate openings so as to line said source, drain and gate openings with amorphous silicon.
 27. The process of claim 20 wherein said step of forming said gate region is done using multiple ion implantations at dosage and energy levels selected so as to achieve doping concentration and junction depths set according to a desired gate bias at which pinch off is to be achieved, and annealing.
 28. The process of claim 20 wherein the step of forming source and drain regions is accomplished by using multiple ion implantations and annealing.
 29. The process of claim 20 further comprising the step of doing an ion implantation to form a highly doped area just beneath said channel region.
 30. The process of claim 20 wherein said step of forming a metal layer comprises the steps: depositing a layer of titanium and baking it at a temperature which is high enough for an interval which is long enough to form a silicide ohmic contact in each of said source, drain, back gate and gate openings; depositing a layer of titanium on top of said silicide and depositing a layer of tungsten on top of said titanium so as to form a metal barrier layer to block diffusion of overlying interconnect or contact metal into the active area; and depositing a layer of aluminum or copper or any other metal over said metal barrier layer.
 31. The process of claim 26 wherein said step of forming a metal layer comprises the steps: depositing a layer of titanium on top of said amorphous silicon lining every contact hole and baking said titanium at a temperature which is high enough for an interval which is long enough to form a silicide ohmic contact in each of said source, drain, back gate and gate openings; depositing a layer of titanium on top of said silicide and depositing a layer of tungsten on top of said titanium so as to form a metal barrier layer to block diffusion of overlying interconnect or contact metal into the active area; and depositing a layer of aluminum or copper or any other metal over said metal barrier layer.
 32. A complementary pair of integrated junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) integrated in a substrate, comprising: a substrate having at least a top layer of semiconductor and first and second active areas in a P-well, said first and second active areas defined by thermal oxide formed in Shallow Trench Isolation in said substrate, said P-well being semiconductor doped with P-type impurities and said first active area being a region where an N-channel JFET will be formed and said second active area being a region where a surface contact to said P-well will be formed, said Shallow Trench Isolation also defining third and fourth active areas in an N-well, said N-well being semiconductor doped with N-type impurities and said third active area being an area where a P-channel JFET will be formed and said fourth active area being an area where a surface contact to said N-well will be formed; said N-channel JFET constructed comprising: a channel region doped with N-type impurities and formed in said P-well so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; a dielectric layer formed on top of said substrate and having openings formed at least partially over said first active area for source and drain contacts and an opening over said first active area for a gate contact, and having an opening over said second active area for a well contact, said openings lined with sputtered amorphous silicon; a P-doped gate region formed in said first active area within said channel region and under said gate contact opening so as to form a gate-channel junction, said gate region formed so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; N-doped source and drain regions formed in said first active area at least partially under said source and drain openings; and metal source, drain, P-well and gate contacts formed in said source, drain and gate openings, respectively, with the tops of said source, drain, P-well and gate contacts polished down to be approximately flush with the top of said dielectric layer, each said source, drain and gate contact formed having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said first active area, said P-well contact having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said second active area, each contact also having a layer of barrier metal on top of said silicide contact to prevent spiking and a layer of aluminum or copper above said barrier metal; a P-channel JFET comprising: a channel region doped with P-type impurities and formed in said N-well so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; a dielectric layer formed on top of said substrate and having openings formed at least partially over said third active area for source and drain contacts and an opening over said third active area for a gate contact, and having an opening over said third active area for a well contact, said openings lined with sputtered amorphous silicon; an N-doped gate region formed in said third active area within said channel region of said P-channel JFET and formed under said gate contact opening so as to form a gate-channel junction, said gate region formed so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; P-doped source and drain regions formed in said third active area at least partially under said source and drain openings; and metal source, drain, N-well and gate contacts formed in said source, drain and gate openings, respectively, with the tops of said source, drain, N-well and gate contacts polished down to be approximately flush with the top of said dielectric layer, each said source, drain, and gate contact formed having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said third active area, said N-well contact having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said fourth active area, each contact also having a layer of barrier metal on top of said silicide contact to prevent spiking and a layer of aluminum or copper above said barrier metal.
 33. A complementary pair of integrated junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) integrated in a substrate using a triple well process, comprising: a substrate having at least a top layer of semiconductor and first and second active areas in a P-well, said first and second active areas defined by thermal oxide formed in Shallow Trench Isolation in said substrate, said P-well being semiconductor doped with P-type impurities and said first active area being a region where an N-channel JFET will be formed and said second active area being a region where a surface contact to said P-well will be formed, said Shallow Trench Isolation also defining third and fourth active areas in a first N-well, said first N-well being semiconductor doped with N-type impurities and said third active area being an area where a P-channel JFET will be formed and said fourth active area being an area where a surface contact to said first N-well will be formed, and further comprising a second N-well which encompasses both said P-well and said first N-well; said N-channel JFET constructed comprising: a channel region doped with N-type impurities and formed in said P-well so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; a dielectric layer formed on top of said substrate and having openings formed at least partially over said first active area for source and drain contacts and an opening over said first active area for a gate contact, and having an opening over said second active area for a well contact, said openings lined with sputtered amorphous silicon; a P-doped gate region formed in said first active area within said channel region and under said gate contact opening so as to form a gate-channel junction, said gate region formed so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; N-doped source and drain regions formed in said first active area at least partially under said source and drain openings; and metal source, drain, P-well and gate contacts formed in said source, drain and gate openings, respectively, with the tops of said source, drain, P-well and gate contacts polished down to be approximately flush with the top of said dielectric layer, each said source, drain and gate contact formed having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said first active area, said P-well contact having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said second active area, each contact also having a layer of barrier metal on top of said silicide contact to prevent spiking and a layer of aluminum or copper above said barrier metal; a P-channel JFET comprising: a channel region doped with P-type impurities and formed in said first N-well so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; a dielectric layer formed on top of said substrate and having openings formed at least partially over said third active area for source and drain contacts and an opening over said third active area for a gate contact, and having an opening over said third active area for a well contact, said openings lined with sputtered amorphous silicon; an N-doped gate region formed in said third active area within said channel region of said P-channel JFET and formed under said gate contact opening so as to form a gate-channel junction, said gate region formed so as to have a doping concentration and junction depth set depending upon whatever is the desired gate bias to achieve pinch off; P-doped source and drain regions formed in said third active area at least partially under said source and drain openings; and metal source, drain, first N-well and gate contacts formed in said source, drain and gate openings, respectively, with the tops of said source, drain, first N-well and gate contacts polished down to be approximately flush with the top of said dielectric layer, each said source, drain, and gate contact formed having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said third active area, said first N-well contact having a silicide ohmic contact in contact with said fourth active area, each contact also having a layer of barrier metal on top of said silicide contact to prevent spiking and a layer of aluminum or copper above said barrier metal. 